PEM electrolyzers have emerged as a leading technology for the green production of hydrogen. These devices utilize a proton exchange membrane (PEM) to separate water into its constituent molecules: oxygen and hydrogen. The PEM acts as a selective barrier, allowing protons to migrate across while blocking the passage of ions. This system results in

PEM electrolyzer technology has undergone significant developments in recent years, driven by the growing demand for clean and sustainable energy solutions. These advancements feature improvements in catalyst materials, membrane performance, and system design. As a result, PEM electrolyzers are becoming increasingly viable for various applications,